Public Health P1. P2

Public Health – Unit 12 – Petra P1 Public health is â€Å"the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals† (1920, C. E. A. Winslow). This therefore infers public health is the preventing and controlling of disease within communities, to prolong life and promote health through organised society.The keys aspects of public health †¦ -Monitoring the overall health status of the population, this involves the recording of any changes of health in the population and alerting people to potential risks, for example the higher levels of smoking within a population. -Identifying the health needs within a population, which involves establishing patterns and trends of health problems within to identify implications service users may be at risk of, for example in relation to smoking, assessing the likely increase in need for cancer support services. Developing programmes to reduce the risk and screening for diseases earlier on, which refers to the attempts of reducing the levels of illness, by introducing new programmes which inform people that they are at risk of certain conditions and aiding them into trying out new preventative programmes? For example if a doctor identifies someone at risk from cancer due to smoking, they may enrol them on a programme to help stop smoking, or even provide them with medication to stop them smoking. -Controlling of communicable disease.This is the reduction of the impact of infectious disease, through immunisation and other control methods. For example, vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella, it may also include food hygiene in restaurants and other food suppliers preventing food poisoning. – Health promotion to the population. This can be done by events and activities which reduce health implications. For example, for people suffering with obe sity, it may involve campaigns to encourage people to be more active and eat a better diet, like the 5 a day campaign. Planning and evaluating the provision of health and social care, which involves assessing health services and whether or not they are having enough impact on the initial problem, for example in the case of obesity, it may involve the question of, can local services meet the demand of weight management advice, or are the services being successful in helping people to reduce their weight and endure that change. P2 Public health has grown and improved since its creation in the 19th century.It was created from the Poor Law system and the Victorian sanitary reform movement. The Poor Law was in place, to ensure people of the lower working class(poor people) were being housed properly, whether it were in workhouses or their own homes, it also ensured they were appropriately clothed and fed a sufficient amount of food. In a lot of workhouses, children were also schooled a l ittle, and in return for this treatment, the working class would be obliged to work for several hours a day.During industrialisation and the fast growth in cities, standards began to fall, which led to many concerns involving poor housing, dirty water supplies and air pollution ‘bad air’ and the immense impacts this had on the health of the work population all together. Origins of the public health policy in the UK from the 19th Century to present day†¦ The nineteenth century;- The first national Public Health Act 1848 This was created and put into place, due to a man known as Edwin Chadwick. He was an active campaigner on many public health issues, such as the poor working/housing conditions and the sanitary reform.His report in 1842 included a massive amount of evidence supporting the link between environment, poverty and ill health. He recommended that each local authority required an expert medical and civil engineering advice, to administer all sanitary matter s. It took six years until the Public Health act was passed and the first Board of health was established. John Snow and the Broad Street pump John Snow was a man whom believed that the water pollution was the main cause of ill health within the population of London in the 19th Century. He linked the common illness cholera to people whom drank from the wells.He observed those getting ill and which areas and pumps they drank from and recorded it on a map, he was then able to establish all those getting ill were in fact drinking from the same pump, and consequently in 1854 John Snow removed the handle of the Broad Street pump and ceased the epidemic of Cholera in Soho, London John Simon and the 1866 Sanitary Act John Simon was professionally a physician, but he became famous for him dramatic reforms of the public health system. He was the first medical officer in the UK’s central government, and he influenced public health by improving public vaccination systems.He also was the founder of the water supply cleaner and made sewers more effective. The twentieth century The Beveridge Report 1942 William Beveridge was a man whom was asked by government to write a report on the best and most effective ways to help those on low incomes. This was after the Second World War when people felt they needed rewarding, which the government responded to by promising to create a more equal society. In Beveridge’s report in December 1942, he proposed that all people of a working age should contribute, which would benefit people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed.The National Health Service (NHS) The NHS was created on the back of the Beveridge report. This allowed free care to those who could not afford it. It provided hospital services, primary care (doctors- family clinics) and community services such as health visitors, midwives, ambulance services and many more. Acheson Report into inequalities in health 1998 He comprised a report that pointed out 39 recommendations and highlighted 3 crucial areas of which would need concentrating on, which are; 1) all policies that are likely to have impact on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequality. ) Priority to the health of families with children. 3) Further steps should be taken to reduce the income inequalities and improve the standards of poor households. Our Healthier Nation 1999 This strategy was released by the labour government after their election in 1997, it has very clear links with the Acheson report and attempted to tackle the root causes of ill health such as pollution, unemployment, low wages, crime and poor housing.Choosing Health: Making Healthy Choices Easier 2004 This white paper acknowledged the changing nature in society, and an increased emphasis on health and well-being. The strategy had three key underpinning principles: informal choice, personalization and working together. Its main priorities were: to reduce the number of people who smoke, reduce obesity and improve diet and nutrition, increase exercise, encourage support of sensible drinking and the improvement of overall sexual health.

Impact of AIDS/ HIV

These days, the AIDS/ HIV epidemic is one of the most lethal health crises. As yet, there were 22 million people died, 42 million of people are infected by AIDS. Although professionals nowadays have discovered vaccine for AIDS/ HIV, but there still will be over 40 million people would die because of HIV. In many countries especially Africa, AIDS epidemic is spreading seriously bringing illness, death, suffer and poverty. The epidemic has obligated a heavy burden on families, communities and economies. The misery and devastation already caused by HIV/AIDS is enormous, but it is likely that the future impact will be even greater, as the list of significantly affected countries continues to grow. It is difficult to predict with certainty the future course of the epidemic. There are several impacts on HIV epidemic, such as demographic impact, households and families, firms, health systems, education and economic growth. The epidemic has caused destructing demographic impact especially Africa. People have lost their life and significant lost of population. According to United Nation population’s investigation, there will be more people lost their life cause of the epidemic coming decades. Although impacts of the HIV epidemic in countries other than Africa are relatively average and infection rate is lower, but the population losses are still enormous. Professionals expected HIV epidemic might cause 31 million people died from India and even 18 million people died from China by year 2025. Besides, the epidemic also affects households and families. Households and families bear the most burdens, because they play important roles dealing with the disease and its consequences. Households who rely on patients as breadwinner will face financial difficulties due to loss of income and huge amount of medical expenses. As infection of HIV is most common among young adults, thus the family structure also will change rapidly. In several affected countries, the percentage of female headed households or even households headed by young orphan increases. When a family member dies due to HIV, the family may be disintegrated; children might have to be sent to the orphanage or even forced to fend for themselves. Until year 2001, there were 14 million of children who were under 15 years old died due to HIV or have lost their parents because of HIV. 11 million out of 14 million children live in sub-Saharan Africa. In year 2010, expert predicted the figure of children died due to HIV or have lost their parents might increase. Furthermore, HIV epidemic also caused country’s economic difficulties especially weak economic countries which are prevalent with the epidemic. Studies have been attempted to model the impact of the epidemic on epidemic growth in several highly affected countries. Estimates of the impact of AIDS on economic performance re usually not considered as â€Å"social capital† loss or damage to long-term accumulation of human capital, because HIV have affected education, nutrition and health in a direct and indirect way. Well beyond the time frame of most economic analyses, the effects of lowered investment in the human capital of the younger generation will affect economic performance for decades to come.

Business Ethics Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics Problem - Essay Example Therefore, employees should behave professionally and ethically in all situations because ethical behavior is the key to the resolution of complex issues. Hall (2011) states, â€Å"Ethics pertain to the principles of conduct that individuals use in making choices and guiding their behaviors in situations that involve the concepts of right and wrong† (p. 112). In this paper, I will relate an example of a U.S. software company where a customer confidence problem occurred between an employee from the programming department and a customer of the company. The base of the issue was less accounting knowledge of the software developer. Description of the Company The name of the company where the ethical issue arose is SyBase. The company belongs to the Computer Software industry and deals with the development of software products and applications. The company started its operations in 1984. The company has become one of the top software companies of the United States due to the qualit y of its products and services. The Ethical Issue An ethical issue occurred in SyBase in 2004. One day, a customer came to the customer service department and made a complaint about the accounting software that the company developed for him on request. He made a claim that the application had some errors because it was not giving correct results. The software was showing incorrect results for the calculations of Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and some other calculations. He wanted to meet the software developer who developed that accounting software for him. When the customer services officer to whom the customer brought the issue contacted that database developer, he started making excuses and did not come to meet the customer. Upon telling the real situation to the developer, he asked the customer services officer to make the customer come after a week. The customer left the office and came again after a week to get the remodeled accounting software. When the customer services officer told the developer about the arrival of the customer, he asked him to apologize to the customer once more. The reason was that the developer was still not able to remove the errors. The customer became disappointed with the situation and asked the customer services officer to file a complaint to the manager of the programming department. When the manager investigated the issue, he came to know that the software developer was not able to fulfill the requirements of the customer due to which he was delaying the issue. The developer did not have a grip over complex accounting issues due to which he was not able to develop reliable accounting software for the customer. The ethical issue in this example was that the developer tried to hide his inability in removing the errors by delaying the issue. Individuals Involved in the Issue The individuals involved in the issue were the software developer, the manager of the programming department, and a regular customer of the company. Outcome of the Issue The issue not only decreased the customer’s confidence in the company but also resulted in putting a spot on the company’s image. The developer could have tackled the situation in a much different way. He should have made the company aware of the real situation instead of being afraid of losing his job. Recommendations for the company The manager of the

Derivatives And Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Derivatives And Risk Management - Essay Example Risk management is the process of identifying, understanding, analysing, accepting, or mitigating risk. Risk management can be divided into two main processes, determining the level of risk exposure in an investment and then handling that risk in the best way possible in line with the objectives of the investment (George, 2012, pp.34-38). The risk of financial exposure affects all organisations, both directly and indirectly. Though financial exposure presents the opportunity for loss, it may also present strategic benefits for making profits. The financial losses of a company arise from three main sources. The first source of risk is a company’s exposure to changes in the market prices of commodities (Philippe, 2001, pp.23-25). Second is through actions and transactions of third parties such as creditors and counterparties to derivative transactions, and finally are financial risks occurring from the internal failures of the organisation, people, or processes. Financial risk arises from countless transactions of a financial nature which an organization engages in such as purchases, investments, and loans repayments. If financial prices rise, there is the possibility that the company makes financial losses (Philippe, 2001, pp.3-6). ... Financial risk management usually involves the use of derivatives which are traded widely among financial market players. A derivative is a security whose price is derived from one or more other assets. It is just a contract between two parties specifying conditions under which payments will be made in future between the two parties. Examples of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, and swaps. In the past, diversification was the main way of financial risk management but has now been overrun by the availability of derivatives in most markets which makes it possible for both corporate as well as individual investors to manage risks (Whittaker, 2009, p.19). This paper will analyse the concept of hedging in financial risk management, the best hedging strategies, swaps, and options as they are used in risk management. 2.0 Hedging Vs. Speculation The management of risks involves the use of derivatives. Derivatives in financial risk management refer to securities whose value depends on the value of the underlying asset. Among the kinds of derivatives that exist in financial market includes futures, forward contracts, option, and swaps (Smith & Stulz, 2009, pp.267-284). The underlying assets whose values the derivatives depend on are stocks, bonds, interest rate, foreign exchange instruments, and even commodities. The respective derivatives for these assets are stock options, interest rates futures, currency futures, bond options, and commodity futures. Hedging is the strategy that is used when managing the risk of the underlying asset using derivatives (Nance, et al, 1993, pp.267-284). In financial markets, a hedge can be referred to as an investment position whose purpose is to offset a potential future

Australian organisations must adopt sustainability reporting in the Essay

Australian organisations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century - Essay Example Sustainability reporting in Australia is voluntary, meaning that the organizations are not bound by law to report it in their financial statements. So, the purpose of this essay is to emphasize on the fact that Australian companies should adapt sustainability reporting in the present century and to establish why and how the organizations should meet the requirements of sustainability reporting and how will it be profitable to them. Sustainability reporting involves the display of a company’s economic, social and environmental performance and its impacts through the company’s annual reports. There are various reasons as to why a company should report its performance. Sustainability reporting helps in establishing a stronger trust relationship with the stakeholders. The stakeholders view the company as being honest about their actions and performance, thus it strengthens the image of an organization as being sincere and considerate towards the environment it operates in. The key towards establishing strong relations is not to report the good part only but the discrepancies as well; it leads the stakeholders like employees to trust their employers and execute hard work to enhance the performance of the company (Blackburn, 2007). Such actions give the sense of legitimate reporting of corporate activities. This ensures acceptance by the key stakeholders of the company especially towards the management decisions and activities that may be sometimes seen as of compromising nature (Schaltegger, Bennett and Burritt, 2006). By incorporating sustainability reporting into the strategic designing of an organization, a company can link all its operations to achieve those goals that are expected of it. Various operational benefits can also be derived through implementing sustainability reporting. The various costs that are incurred because of the irresponsible use of materials

Computer Networking Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Networking Security - Assignment Example VPN only uses TCP port 1723 while the executive Intranet cannot access the application servers through this port. The connection will, therefore, be blocked as it will be malicious. The assistant administrator cannot log into the application server through ssh since it requires him to use port 22 which is a port below 1024. All ports below the range of 1024 have been restricted for general purpose use. The vulnerabilities created can be solved by giving specific port addresses access to the application servers instead of allowing a certain range. Some Internet traffic to the VPN should be limited instead of allowing all inbound traffic to be accepted. Assistant network administrator can be given access rights to the application server through providing specific access rules for him by specifying his mac address as an exception and opening some general purpose ports for him. Additional IP table rules can include rules that restrict the number of parallel connections from one IP client. The network administrator should also implement an IP table rule that only opens a particular range of IP addresses in regards to IP addresses of the several subnets created. The administrator can also provide a strong way of authenticating users to the company network or the VPN and strong encryption methods of for the

LOST Files in a hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LOST Files in a hospital - Essay Example It is through the negative facts that the nurse presented to me that I was able to find out the possible solutions for the problem. I have always been very effective in working with the organizations and so as my habit goes I was able to present the solutions as demanded by the board of directors. The faults I identified might be quite expensive to fix but the results are worth spending for. If not fixed now, leakage of information may cause even greater damage in the near future. The best security the organization should offer is security for the patients’ information. It is well known as the main duty of every medical institution apart from the duty of providing ultimate care. An estimated $150,000 will be needed in fixing the security situation once and for all. Some more $120,000 will be required for computer training. I can comfortably promise the board that there will be no regression if all my recommendations are attended to fully. This will include upgrading the entire I.T department, installation of up to date surveillance systems, and educating the nurses on the importance of computer security. As much as we train our employees, it would also be of much help we hired more trained and experienced employees to assist in directing our own. This will only cost the organization at most an extra $60,000. Apart from the problem of using a Management Information System that is not upgraded, the organization is also facing other problems that resulted to the agony. This is all from the results that were presented before me by the nurse that I hired. Basically, the other major problem is the level of ignorance of the employees as far as maintenance of the security for the organization is concerned. According to the report I received, many nurses log in with their passwords then leave the system open and accessible to any stranger. This enhances leakage of important and preserved information of the organization. The solution

Federal Acts Affecting MIS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Acts Affecting MIS - Research Paper Example For instance, this act forces the cable operators and service providers to provide a printed guideline containing information on public privacy whenever a connection is issued to a person. This act increased the customers’ confidence by ensuring a great deal of privacy and security of their information. On the other hand, this act forced the cable operators not to disclose their customers’ information as well as get approval of the customer prior to making use of their information. In this scenario, this act has offered an excellent support for ensuring the security of customer data (PUBLIC ACCESS AWARENESS ASSOCIATION, n.d; University of Miami School of Medicine, 2005). The telephone consumer protection act (TCPA) was introduced in 1991 and it was aimed at making sure that people are not pressurized by telemarketers as well as have the facility to avoid. Additionally, it also allows people to restrict autodialed calls that have the capability to connect two or more lines of a traditional communication structure of multi-line business. In addition, this act also ensures that the customers do not get unwanted publicity material via faxes connected to the personal telephone. Moreover, this act is an excellent solution for dealing with telephone technology abuse. Furthermore, this act also allows customers to ensure the safety of their personal information and data (Aydenemma, 2012; FCC, 2012; American Teleservices Association, 2012; Direct Marketing Association,

Toys and Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Toys and Electronics - Essay Example In most cases, children may feel that their bodies do not meet the perfection of the society image. There is some evidence that plastic toys are muscle-bound and young men are abusing anabolic steroids to have such bodies. Advertising is one of the most powerful medium, which is portraying unrealistic body types. Marketers attract attention for their goods by using muscular men and thin women. With the improved techniques of renovating images, models’ bodies are improved by computers, providing the viewers with unrealistic sense of how natural body should look like. The internet also offers young people an opportunity to find information about how to improve their bodies. One of the recent developments is the pro-bulimia and pro-anorexia, which encourages children to use unhealthy behaviors to increase their muscularity and lower their weight (Angier). This paper discusses how children body image is influenced by images such as toys, pictures, movies, video and game. Young girls always believe that Barbie has a perfect body and that is how a woman should look like. Their perception is that a woman should have no fat anywhere and should have big breasts. Young girls always wish that they could have bodies that resemble that of Barbie. Girls who have lots of fats in their bodies and small breast have a low self-esteem. Female characters in cartoons are frequently shown revealing girls in skimpy clothes. Sixty percent of middle and high school girls say that images in publications such as Sassy, Jet, Seventeen and Glamour affect their idea of the perfect body, and almost all of the girls are dissatisfied with their weights. Most of them say that they worry too much about getting fat and as result they starting dieting when still young. At a young age, girls start having eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia as doctors are treating who are as young as five years old (Angier). . Young men have an impression

Icici Bank and Bank of Rajasthan Merger Essay Example for Free

Icici Bank and Bank of Rajasthan Merger Essay Meaning : A general term used to refer to the consolidation of companies. A merger is a combination of two companies to form a new company, while an acquisition is the purchase of one company by another in which no new company is formed. Basic information of icici bank (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank): ICICI Bank was established by the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, an Indian financial institution, as a wholly owned subsidiary in 1994. The parent company was formed in 1955 as a joint-venture of the World Bank, Indias public-sector banks and public-sector insurance companies to provide project financing to Indian industry. [10][11] The bank was initially known as theIndustrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank, before it changed its name to the abbreviated ICICI Bank. The parent company was later merged with the bank. Current information: Based on 2013 information, it is the second largest bank in India by assets and third largest by market capitalisation. It offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customer through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialised subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking. life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The Bank has a network of 3,350 branches and 10,486 ATMs in India, and has a presence in 19 countries. ICICI Bank is one of the big four banks of India, along with SBI,PNB,CANARA BANK BANK OF RAJASTHAN : It was set up at Udaipur in 1943 with an initial capital of Rs.10.00 lacs. An eminent Industrialist Late Seth Shri Govind Ram Seksaria was the founder chairman. It was classified as the Scheduled Bank in 1948. The Bank also established a rural (Gramin) bank Mewar Anchlik Gramin Bank in Udaipur District in Rajasthan on 26 January 1983. The banks central office is located at Jaipur, although its registered office is in Udaipur. Presently the bank has 463 branches, in 24 states, with 294 of the branches being in Rajasthan. †¢ 1. Merger of ICICI and BoR Submitted †¢ 2. About BoR and Merger private sector lender Bank of Rajasthan on 18 may 2010 agreed to merge with ICICI Bank, Indias second largest private sector lender Bank of Rajasthan has a market value of $296 million The acquisition of Bank of Rajasthan by ICICI bank is the first consolidation of countrys crowded banking sector since 2008.ICICI Bank and Bank of Rajasthan (BoR) boards on Sunday cleared their merger through an all-share deal, valued at about 30.41 billion rupees. †¢ 3. ICICI offered to BoR ICICI offered to pay 188.42 rupees per share, in an all-share deal, for Bank of Rajasthan, a premium of 89 percent to the small lenders closing price on Tuesday, valuing the business at $668 million .ICICI is offering the smaller banks controlling shareholders 25 shares in ICICI for 118 shares of Bank of Rajasthan. †¢ 4. The Big Deal The deal, which will give ICICI a sizeable presence in the northwestern desert state of Rajasthan, values the small bank at about 2.9 times its book value, compared with an Indian banking sector average of 1.84.Bank of Rajasthan has a network of 463 branches and a loan book of 77.81 billion rupees ($1.7 billion). †¢ 5. Why MergerIn March, the Reserve Bank of India appointed consulting firms to conduct a special audit of the books and accounts of Bank of Rajasthan .The government has called for consolidation in the banking sector in order to make lenders more competitive but there has been little activity.RBI had imposed a penalty of Rs 25 lakh on Bank of Rajasthan for various violations. †¢ 6. Totals of BoR F or the nine-month ended December’09, the bank had net loss of Rs 9 crore with total income of Rs 1,086 crore. For the year ended March’09, Bank of Rajasthan had net profit of Rs 117 crore with total income of Rs 1,507 crore .Operating income fell 11% to Rs 373.78 crore in Q3 December 2009 over Q3 December 2008. †¢ 7. Advantage for ICICI and BoR ICICI Bank will gain marginally from the merger as Bank of Rajasthan has a reasonable penetration in its home state. As of March’09, it had 463 branches across the country. The deal will also help ICICI tackle increasing competition by HDFC Bank. the deal values BoR at about 2.9 times its book value, compared with an Indian banking sector average of 1.84. †¢ 8. Comparison OF ICICI and BoRICICI bank added CASA deposits totaling over 210 billion rupees in the year ended March 2010, compared with 41.63 billion rupees of BoR .ICICI recorded a business per branch of 3 billion rupees compared with 47 million rupees of BoR for fiscal 2009.For the quarter ended Dec 09, BoR recorded 1.05 percent of advances as NPA’s, which is far better than 2.1 percent recorded by ICICI Bank. †¢ 9. Why is RBI allowing the merger of this bank? This is very intriguing factor; when RBI claims that there is corporate governance. Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee claims that there is corporate governance prevailing in SEBI, RBI and Finance Ministry. †¢ 10. Hurdles To protest the Bank of Rajasthans management plan to merge with the ICICI Bank, more than 4200 employees of Bank of Rajasthan went on a two-day countrywide strike .SEBI maintains that Tayals hold 55% in the bank and that would make them owners of nearly 1.87 crore ICICI Bank shares from new dilution by ICICI Bank, amounting to around 1.75% stake in the bank .ICICI Bank found it economic as always to invest in this deal on a 100% stock swap basis. †¢ 11. Impact of the Deal The deal is very expensive The proposed amalgamation would substantially enhance branch network and presence in  northern and western India for ICICIBank of Rajasthan has a network of 463 branches and a loan book of 77.81 billion rupees ($1.7 billion).As on March 2009, BoR had 463 branches and 111 ATMs, total assets of Rs 17,224 crore, deposits of Rs 15,187 crore and advances of Rs 7,781 crore. †¢ 12. ICICI After merger PE ratio22.97 10/06/10EPS (Rs)36.10 Mar, 10Sales (Rs crore)5,826.98 Mar, 10Face Value (Rs)10 Net profit margin (%)9.74 Mar, 09Last dividend (%)120 26/04/10Return on average equity7.58 Mar, 09 1 millions = 10 lakhs 1 billions = 100 crores 1 trillions = 100,000 crores

Types Of Retail Formats In India

Types Of Retail Formats In India In this term paper we study about different retail formats prevailing in India and various ownership styles followed by these retail stores and after discussing all the aspects we find out that which ownership style is efficient for retailers and is suitable for coming retailers and also has future growth. We find out franchises is best form of ownership. It converted mom-pop stores into organized form by providing franchises to the owners of the stores. TYPES OF RETAIL FORMATS IN INDIA India is growing at a great pace and the retail sector is also developing with it. Big Indian business houses are entering into retail sector and are adopting various retail formats for their business which are best suited to them. We can divide Indian retail market in three forms which are mentioned below: Store Retailers Non-store retailers Service retailers STORE RETAIL FORMATS: Mom-and-pop Store These are family owned stores which provide small quantity of merchandise or goods to the customers. They are individually run and target the smaller sections of the  society. These stores provide high standard services. They provide home delivery and credit facility without any interest to its customers. Convenience Store Convenience is offered in a lot of ways to the customers through easily accessible store locations and small store size that allows the customers to do quick shopping and fast checkout. The product selection offered by these retailers is very limited and the price of the products can be high. Supermarkets Supermarket is another popular retail format in India. A supermarket is a grocery store which deals in food and household goods. They offer a fairly huge range of products and self service. People usually go to the supermarkets to buy goods in large quantities so that they can stock those goods for later consumption. They provide products for reasonable prices and of medium to high quality. Department Store Department stores are classified as general merchandisers. Some carry a more selective product line. For instance, while Sears carries a wide range of products from hardware to cosmetics, Nordstrom focuses their products on clothing and personal care products. Category Killers The specialty stores are called Category Killers. These stores are specialized in their fields and they offer only one category of products. The most popular examples of category killers include wall-mart and electronic stores like Best Buy and sports accessories stores like Sports Authority. Discount Stores Discount stores offer price reduction Discount stores offer price reduction Discount stores offer product at lower price than market price. The main reason behind this low price is the additional stock left over towards the end of any season. Discount stores sell their goods at a reduced rate with an aim of drawing bargain shoppers. Mass Discounters These are general and specialty store that provide huge discounts on their merchandise to finish block stock and its small difference between discount stores and mass discounters is that it provide lesser services to customers. Warehouse Stores These are the type of mass discounters that provide comparatively less price than the traditional mass discounters. Moreover, these stores often requires the buyers to make the purchases in quantities that are greater than what can be purchased at mass discount stores. These retail outlets provide few services and product selection can be limited. The retail design and layout is as the name suggests that is warehouse style with consumers often selecting products off the ground from the shipping package. Some forms of warehouse stores called warehouse clubs require customers to purchase memberships in order to gain access to the outlet. Street vendors The Street Vendors or hawkers who sell products on the streets are quite popular in India. They try to attract the customers attention through shouting out about their product mix. Street vendors are found in almost every city in India and the business capital of Mumbai has a number of shopping areas which are comprised mainly of street vendors. These hawkers not only sell just clothes and accessories but also local food. Kiosks Kiosks are box-like shops which sell small and cheap items like cigarettes, toffees, newspapers and magazines, water packets, tea and coffee. These are most commonly found on every street in a city and target primarily to the local residents. Hypermarkets Hypermarkets in India are a combination of supermarket and department store. These are large retailers that provide all kinds of groceries and general goods. Big Bazaar and Reliance Fresh are hypermarkets that attract enormous crowds. Malls Malls are the largest retail format in India Malls are the largest retail format in India These are the largest retail format in India. Malls provide everything that a person wants to buy under one roof. From clothes and accessories to food or cinemas, malls provide all of this, and more. Examples include Spencers Plaza in Chennai, India, Alpha one in Amritsar and Viva collage in Jalandhar . NON-STORE RETAIL FORMATS: Catalog Retailers Retailers such as Lands End and LL Bean have built their business by having customers place orders after seeing products that appear in a mailed catalog. Orders are then delivered by a third-party shipper. E-retailers Possibly the most publicized retail model to evolve in the last 50 years is the Retailer that principally sells via the Internet. There are thousands of online-only retail sellers of which Amazon.com is the most famous. These retailers offer shopping convenience including being open for business all day, every day. Electronic retailers or e-tailers also have the ability to offer a wide selection of product since all they really need in order to attract orders is a picture and description of the product. That is, they may not need to have the product on-hand the way physical stores do. Instead an e-tailer can wait until an order is received from their customers before placing their own order with their suppliers. This cuts down significantly on the cost of maintaining products in-stock. Vending Vending machines is a automatic machine from where we can purchase items like coldrinks, chocolates by throughing coins in it.While most consumers are well aware of vending machines allowing customers but newer devices are entering the market containing more expensive and bulkier products. These systems require the vending machine have either Internet or telecommunications access to permit purchase using credit cards. SERVICE RETAILERS: Service retailers are those which provide different services to customers. Such as: OWNERSHIP STYLES FOLLOWED BY DIFFERENT CATEGORY RETAILERS: Individually Owned and Operated: This structure refers to single ownership stores having one or more stores under it. Single ownership of retail outlets most frequently occurs with small retail stores, though there are some cases, for instance in the automotive or furniture industries, where single ownership involves very large outlets. Advantages: There are no restrictions on who,where and what type of business a person want to open. A person can start any legal business without any problem. Disadvantages: Because of the ease and flexibility of getting started, there can be a lot of competition in a particular area for a certain type of customer.There is no branding, no preset guidelines and a great deal of risk in this business model Franchises: Purchasing a franchise is buying the right to use a name, product, concept and business plan. The franchisee will receive a proven business model from an established business. Advantages: All of the business operation processes have been established. The franchisee receives help from a network and customers are already familiar with name .Same marketing strategies are opted which are used by other franchises .Most all of the risk associated with starting a retail business has been reduced. Disadvantages: Franchisees pay a fee, or royalty, based on sales each year. Franchisee have huge amount to spend to get a franchisee and there is no flexibility and freedom allowed in this form.   Dealership: Retailers may find the business model of a licensed dealership as a mix of franchise and independent retailer. The licensee has the right (sometimes this is exclusive) to sell a brand of products. Unlike a franchise, the dealer can sell a variety of brands and there generally no fees to the licensor. Dealerships may or may not be identified as an authorized seller or by the companys trademark. Advantages: There may be some branding or product name recognition by the customer. The dealership relation is much more flexible than that of a franchise. This may be a good business model for part-time retailers or those just starting in retail. Disadvantages: Dealer have to spend huge amount to get a dealership Corporate Chain: A retail chain consists of multiple retail outlets owned and operated by a single entity all performing similar retail activities. While the number of retail outlets required to be classified as a chain has never been specified, we will assume that anyone owning more than five retail locations would be considered a chain. EFFICIENT OWNERSHIP TYPE: If you are based in India and have sufficient money to invest in a new business, then you must surely consider a good franchise business option. There are different types of franchise business in India that are hugely successful and looking for expansion. Franchising is one of the popular models of business looked as a win-win model by both the franchisor and the franchisee. In fact, this business concept is a great way of expanding a proven business model by leveraging the resources and the enterprise of potential franchisees. In fact, buying a franchise business in India is a better option as compared to starting your own business from scratch. Today, there are different platforms where you can look for a franchise business. You can check out details in local newspapers or browse the Internet to look for information about companies or brands interested in expansion of their business. In fact, websites are the best ones to find information on find about best franchise business in India based on different categories. For example, if you are a person who is interested in Play School business then you need to first find out all the available franchisors who would be allowing you to join under them as a franchisee. Contact them and if they find your proposal interesting, then you can become a part of their brand. Remember, it is the dream of every company to increase their brand visibility and franchising is the best way to do so. There are so many companies in India who have high faith in franchising concept and have utilized this concept to promote their brands. Apart from Indian companies, there are many International brands that have spread their business in different parts of India through franchising. The franchising industry in India has thus become an important tool for all brands to woo the customers and expand their business territories. DEFINATION: franchise is a form of channel in which one party, the franchisor, controls the business activities of another party, the franchisee. Under these arrangements, an eligible franchisee agrees to pay for the right to use the franchisors business methods and other important business aspects, such as the franchise name. For instance, McDonalds is a well-known franchisor that allows individuals to use the McDonalds name and methods to deliver food to consumers. Payment is usually in the form of a one-time, upfront franchise fee and also on-going percentage of revenue. While the cost to the franchisee may be quite high, this form of retailing offers several advantages to both the parties: Advantages to franchisee: One of the most important advantages of buying a franchise is that the entrepreneur does not have to incur all the risk involved with creating a new business. Typically, the areas that entrepreneurs have problems with in starting a new venture are product acceptance, management expertise, meeting capital requirements, knowledge of the market, and operating and structural controls. Product Acceptance- The Franchisee usually enters into a business that has an accepted name, product or service. That credibility already exists based on the years the Franchise has existed. An entrepreneur who tries to start a shop would be unknown to the potential customers and would require significant effort and resources to build credibility and a reputation in the market. Management Expertise- Another important advantage to the Franchisee is managerial assistance provided by the franchisor. Each new franchisee is often required to take a training programme on all aspects of operating the franchise. This training could include classes in accounting, personnel management marketing and production. The training and education offered is actually an important criterion. That the entrepreneur should consider in evaluating any Franchise opportunity. If the assistance in starting up the business is not good, the entrepreneur should probably look elsewhere for opportunities unless he or she already has extensive experience in the field. Capital Requirements- Starting a new venture is usually costly in terms of both time and money. The franchise offers an opportunity to start a new venture with up front support that could save the entrepreneur significant time and possibly capital. Some franchisors conduct location analysis and market research of the area that might include an assessment of traffic, demographics, business conditions, and competition. In some cases, the franchisor will also finance the initial investment to start the franchise operation. The initial capital required to purchase a franchise generally reflects a fee for the franchise, construction costs, and the purchase of equipment. Knowledge of the Market- Any established franchise business offers the entrepreneur years of experience in the business and knowledge of the market. This knowledge is usually reflected in a plan offered to the franchisee that details the profile of the target customer and the strategies that should be implemented once the operation has begun. Advantages to franchisor: This type of arrangement can offer an array of advantages for the franchisor. Additional Revenue- Whenever a franchisor grants a new franchise location, he enters into a franchise agreement in which the franchisee agrees to pay fees or royalties. The franchisor can use these additional sources of revenue to reduce operating expenses such as advertising and distribution costs. The revenue can also be used to increase the franchisors cash flow. Reduced Risk of Expansion- Franchises allow the franchisor to expand her business by using the capital and resources from the franchisee. Although the franchisor often assists the franchisee in finding sources of capital to get started, the franchisee is still the one responsible for obtaining the financing and is on the hook to pay back any loan or other debt obligations. Ease of Quality Control- A franchise agreement requires the franchisee to follow corporate guidelines when operating his business. For example, a McDonalds franchisee is required to make hamburgers a specific way and may not deviate. For the franchisor, this means fewer concerns about the quality of the product that is sold, and he doesnt have to worry about a rogue franchisee who wants to do things his own way. Ease of Expansion- A franchisor can easily expand her business by granting new franchises to franchisees in untapped markets. She may be able to locate potential franchisees who are more familiar with the nuances of a particular market than she is, which increases the chances for success. The franchisor will reap the benefits of additional royalties and increased brand recognition. Increased Royalties- A franchisee may be more motivated than an employee, such as a branch manager of a satellite operation. Since the franchisee has a personal financial stake in the success of the business, he may be more likely to work harder. For the franchisor, the result is more revenue through increased royalties. Due to its advantages to both franchisee and franchisor it consider efficient form of ownership.

Essay --

Honor is very prominent throughout Shakespeare, but not everyone is trustworthy and honorable. There are some that keep their word and there are others that can’t be trusted at all. Prince Harry is a prime example of a honorable young prince because he has to make difficult personal choices that an aspiring king needs to make in order to rule a nation. Then there is Falstaff and King Henry IV who weren’t as honorable. They are all on different notions of honor with Prince Harry being at the top of the three. Falstaff has no chance at being the most honorable because he is lazy, selfish, dishonest, and manipulative. These characteristics are not in any way shape or form honorable and he wouldn’t be trustworthy enough to be noble and honorable. Falstaff thinks that he is honorable but he is nowhere near honorable. Then King Henry IV lacks the moral legitimacy that he needs to truly be a leader and honorable. He is very capable of arranging things and he is very energetic so that makes him able to obtain the throne and be qualified as â€Å"honorable.† Prince Harry is an honorable man but he has to win back his honor from King Henry IV. Harry shows his honor through his â€Å"noble behavior† by sneakly giving up his own honor to fool the people of the town to achieve their trust and Campbell 2 friendship, so when he does take the throne the people will like him better. He is a very complicated character in this play and he wastes a lot of his time with Falstaff earning the pleasure of both his father and England. He comes out of no where and surprises England by declaring that his dissolute lifestyle is all an act, and that he is just trying to lower the people around him expectations so that he can unfold his true heroic knowledge and t... ...the whole play. The characters all have their own different values and goals and this is why Falstaff can be lazy and dishonest, but he can still be considered honorable in his own way. This also goes along with King Henry IV and also his son Prince Harry. King Henry arranges a murder for Richard II just so that he can seize the throne for himself, yet he still is considered honorable and people view him as a great leader and look up to him. Then there is Prince Harry, he has to earn back his honor from the King and through out the whole play he shows how he is transforming himself form a low-life bum, that he pretends to be to become a honorable and noble leader. Each character shows their honor in different ways in the paly. Shakespeare does this purposely to get the reader to further engage with the characters in his story and understand them all a little better.

Convincing Q? Essay example -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Convincing Q? Voting on a proposition banning genetic engineering seemed odd to me, but to the voters in the county of San Luis Obispo (SLO) on 2 November 2004 it was just another proposal on the ballot. This proposition, known as Measure Q shall make it â€Å"unlawful for any person or entity to propagate, cultivate, raise, or grow genetically engineered organisms in San Luis Obispo County.† This law was proposed after the proponents for Measure Q claimed that â€Å"the people of San Luis Obispo County wish to protect the county’s agriculture, environment, economy, and private property from genetic pollution by genetically engineered organisms until all the risks associated with these organisms are fully understood.† The only exemptions in the measure allow â€Å"a fully accredited college or university to engage in scientific research or education using genetically engineered organisms† and do not prevent health care professionals from providing â€Å"any diagnosis, care, or treatment to any patient.† On the sample ballot was a section entitled â€Å"Argument In Favor Of Measure Q-04.† This argument makes a good case, but it lacks the clarity to be convincing. â€Å"Argument In Favor Of Measure Q-04† emphasizes the negative effects of genetic engineering on the agriculture in SLO County. The claim of this argument is that genetically engineered (GE) crops are bad for the agriculture of SLO County. The first reason given in support of the claim of â€Å"Argument In Favor Of Measure Q-04† is â€Å"keeping SLO County free of genetically engineered (GE) crops maintains our [SLO County’s] strong agricultural economy.† This reason is supported by evidence pertaining to the agricultural economy of SLO County. The argument states... ... might be convincing. However, it emphasized the line of evidence that GE crops can contaminate â€Å"pure† crops stating neither how the conventional crops were contaminated nor what was meant by the term â€Å"contaminated.† Due to this uncertainty, this main support of the argument lacked the clarity to be convincing. Therefore, I am still undecided on Measure Q[SM1] . Nice job for your first draft. The use of terminology and the division of topics and paragraphs clarifies the elements of the argument. Your critique of the word contaminates is original and compelling. In addition to the specific corrections noted, it would be worthwhile for you to look at the supports and evidence in light of the critiques and counters offered by the opponents on their ballot argument and elsewhere and compare them with the rebuttals of those critiques offered by defenders.

The Common Traits of Successful Websites Essay -- Sell Websites Buy We

The Common Traits of Successful Websites A website is a new way to communicate without direct personal interaction. It is a place on the internet where one can post anything from personal information to commercial advertising. The major advantage of websites is the fact that they are accessible to anyone in the world. The only restriction is that the person must have a computer and a modem. From that point on, the options are immeasurable. One can read different personal homepages, visit commercial sites and do valuable research. All of these sites can be created by anyone who wishes to take the time to learn the necessary computer language. The creator of any type of website must take into account certain important guidelines in order to create an effective and successful page. The most common type of website is a personal homepage. Homepages make it possible for an internet surfer to learn about someone s/he does not even know. It is almost an invitation to one's personal home without any direct personal contact. All homepages differ greatly in their content. However, they all must have specific, necessary facets in order to be successful websites. Firstly, and most importantly, a homepage must serve a purpose. Whether this purpose is to have fun, to display artwork, or to produce an on-line resume, is irrelevant, as long as the page serves a purpose. I have visited numerous websites, and they all serve some sort of function. Three specific pages to which I will refer are Jeff Seiden's personal homepage, Emily Reith's personal page and Sarah Borcher's homepage. These three pages are all examples which represent different college students. They are of different ages: Jeff, a freshman; Emily, a sophomore; and Sarah, a s... ...commercial, must have are purpose, focus, coherence and links. Without these four necessary factors, it is nearly impossible to have a successful homepage. Works Cited Burgess, John. "Glitch Reveals the Power of the Internet." _The Washington Post_ 31 Jan. 1994, WB17. Donlin, Dennis. "Scaling New Media Mountains". _Advertising Age_ 27 March 1995: 22. Dyer, Gillian. "Advertising As Communication". New York: Routledge, 1982. Holiday Inns, Inc. Homepage Hotchkiss, George Burton, M.A. _An Outline of Advertising_. New York: The Macmilan Company, 1933. "Internet Ads: The Debate Goes On." Advertising Age 2 May 1994: 23. Rotzoll, Kim B., James E. Haefner, and Charles H. Sandage. _Advertising in Contemporary Society_. Cincinnati: South-western Publishing Co., 1990. "Web Sites Top List of Internet Advertisers." _Los Angeles Times_ 11 Dec. 1995, D3.

To Build a Fire

â€Å"To Build a Fire† Theme Analysis Behold, how great a matter a little fire kindleth! -New Testament: James 3:5 â€Å"To Build a Fire† is a short story written by Jack London. This story was originally published in 1902, with the famous version being published in 1908. When London was a student at the University of California, Berkeley, he had discovered the name of his biological father and wrote to him in an attempt to establish a relationship. His letter was returned with the man denying paternity. This denial negatively overwhelmed London, resulting in him dropping out of college and sailing to the Yukon in Canada to pursue the gold rush.This location had a profound impact on London and has resulted in his naturalist writing type. The Yukon has been the setting in many of his stories including â€Å"To Build a Fire. † This short story details a logger new to the Yukon Territory and his trek down a trail with his wolf dog. While walking down the trail, the man breaks through the ice and plunges shin deep into the frigid water. Knowing frostbite would set in, he is forced to take up camp and start a fire to dry off and warm up. His first fire is extinguished and he is unable to light a new one. Frostbite and hypothermia set in and the man eventually succumbs to his fate. Also read The Story of an Eyewitness Essay AnalysisThis short story showcases the theme of Man vs. Nature. London is able to support this theme with his use of setting, foreshadowing, and irony. This theme is confirmed by the published analysis â€Å"To Build a Fire† written by James Welsh, which was published in 2004. London’s detailed use of setting has the greatest influence in showcasing the theme of Man vs. Nature. This story takes place in the Yukon Territory of Canada where â€Å"There was no sun nor hint of sun, though there was not a cloud in the sky† (London 127). His initial meticulous detailed setting of the trail and weather virtually puts the reader in the boots of the logger. He spat again. And again, in the air, before it could fall to the snow, the spittle crackled† (London 128). This explanation shows the extreme level of coldness that the man is being challenged with. This detail gives readers the ability to compare the cold that they are used to with the cold that he is facing. This adds to the impending fears that the reader feels, even though the man shrugs it off. This statement also details the isolation the man is facing when he mentions, â€Å"A foot of snow had fallen since the last sled had passed over† (London 128). This isolation sets the one man vs. ll of nature impending battle. The trail is also later described to include more of the possible dangers the man is against such as, â€Å"He knows the area and realizes the danger of springs hidden beneath the snow, covered only by a thin sheet of ice† (Welsh). This adds more dangers to an already dangerous hike. London’s detailed description of the setting showcases the merciless features of nature and places the environment as the antagonist against our inexperienced logger. When London isolates the character and combines the violent characteristics of the setting, he emphasizes the theme of Man vs. Nature.Foreshadowing is the literary device used to suggest certain plot events that might happen in the future. London is able to use foreshadowing to enlighten the readers into the possible traps the logger is facing all while building the suspense of the story. The human condition is explained by the logger as the, â€Å"frailty as a creature of temperature, and upon man’s frailty in general, able to only to live within certain narrow limits of heat and cold† (London 128). This statement exposes the weakness of humans and gives the readers a glimpse of how the logger might face hardship due to weakness to temperature.Later in the story the dog’s manner changes and he develops a â€Å"menacing apprehension that subdued it and made it slink along at the man’s heels†¦ it wanted fire, or else to burrow under the snow† (London 129). This gives readers the feeling that the dog knows that the weather is too terrible to travel and an impending danger is present. Traveling down the tr ail, the dog breaks through the ice and is forced to lick the ice away to prevent frostbite foreshadowing that the man would be going through the same trials. Before the coming of winter, the old-timer from Sulpher Creek had warned him that one should always travel in winter with a partner and that one should never attempt to travel alone in temperatures colder than fifty degrees below zero. In his ignorance, the tenderfoot had laughed at the old-timer’s advice† (Welsh). This builds on the anticipation that the advice may become used later in the story. â€Å"Every time he comes on a suspected trap, he forces the dog to go ahead to see if it is safe† (Welsh). By putting the dog into harms way, it gives a sense of impending karma.Throughout the beginning and middle of the story, London uses foreshadowing to build the suspense and give readers a look at aspects of nature that may come to challenge the protagonist. Throughout the story, London uses irony to demonstr ate Man vs. Nature all while offering some dark comedy. When the man first decides to take a break and eat lunch he stops and builds his first successful fire. â€Å"The fire has restored his confidence, but the dog wants to stay by the warmth and safety of the fire† (Welsh). Looking back, one may see the irony of the knowledge level of the dog and understand how the man should have stayed with his fire.The man also shrugs off frostbite earlier in the story as â€Å"a bit painful, but never serious† (London 129). Readers are more aware than the traveler that frostbite can kill and the traveler eventually finds this out. Throughout the story the man was extremely careful and he eventually breaks through the ice â€Å"At a place where there were no signs, where the soft, unbroken snow seemed to advertise solidity beneath† (London 131). The man then has to build a fire to dry his feet so frostbite doesn’t set in. He decides to build the fire underneath a tre e so that he has fuel readily available and protection for the fire.This idea backfires and snow from atop the tree falls and extinguishes the fire. When a reader examines the mannerisms of the dog, he or she may see that he has a better understanding of the weather and environment. He wants to set up camp instead of travel. â€Å"The dog did not want to go. It hung back until the man shoved it forward† (London 130). The irony being the dog is smarter than the man. London uses these examples of irony to better describe the merciless personality of the setting and add dark humor in an otherwise depressing story. An ironic strain that runs throughout the story is the tenderfoot’s sense of superiority and contempt for the old trapper on Sulphur Creek. The irony is dramatic in that the reader soon realizes that the old man was right, a realization that escapes the tenderfoot until the very end of the story† (Welsh). Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire† is an image provoking heart-pounding story and his use of setting, irony and foreshadowing perfectly exemplifies the Man vs. Nature theme. This theme has been also noted in many published literary works such as James Welsh’s analysis.London’s level of detail and ability to place you in the situation makes this story one that will remain a classic for years to come. WORKS CITED Kennedy, X. J. , and Dana Gioia. â€Å"To Build a Fire. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Twelfth ed. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 127-37. Print. Welsh, James M. â€Å"To Build a Fire. † Masterplots II: Short Story Series, Revised Edition. Salem Press, 2004. 1-3. Print. http://ezproxy. cfcc. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. cfcc. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db=lkh&AN=103331MSS23119240001174&site=lrc-plus

And Sun Also Rises Essay

This paper discusses Ernest Hemingway’s novel And Sun Also Rises (1926) and takes an in-depth analysis of the development of the female character Lady Brett Ashley in trying to come up with better understanding of the character’s role in the novel. Hemingway’s And Sun Also Rises is widely regarded as Hemingway’s best novel. It became the overnight Bible of the postwar generation. (Barrett, 724) The novel revolves the theme of damage done to Hemingway’s generation by the violence of World War I. All the main characters of the novel are to certain extent scarred by war. Some of them suffer physical injuries like Jake or Count Mippipopolous and others bear the psychological trauma of â€Å"lost generation† (the phrase belonged to Hemingway’s friend Gertrude Stein and became the novel’s first epigraph). Among those psychologically deteriorated individuals Lady Brett Ashley is a controversial character that evokes different readers’ and critics’ reaction. This paper explores the path by which Lady Ashley’s character develops through the novel. With the first meeting with Brett Ashley her individual female sexual appeal and exceptional general attractiveness is revealed. From the beginning of the book, men find her irresistible. When Jake, as narrator, first introduces Brett, he says, â€Å"Brett was damned good-looking. She wore a slipover jersey sweater and a tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boy’s. She started all that. She was built with curves like the hull of a racing yacht, and you missed none of it with that wool jersey† (Hemingway, 22). Robert Cohn, too, is immediately captivated by Brett, and a short time later, he says, â€Å"She’s a remarkably attractive woman† (Hemingway, 38). She is a strong and independent woman and probably these are the features that attract men more than her physical beauty. Her real tool is her charisma that strikes the men around her. Every significant male character in the novel, at one time or another, comments on Brett’s female attractiveness. When he is introduced to Brett, Bill Gorton says, â€Å"Beautiful lady† (Hemingway, 74); Mike Campbell says, â€Å"Brett, you are a lovely piece. Don’t you think she’s beautiful? † (Hemingway, 79) These compliments are like a refrain that is reiterated through the rest of the novel. Despite the abounding attention on men’s side Brett rejects to become committed to a single man, at least physically. Neither the affluence of attention nor her independence makes Brett a happy woman. Having first appeared as a careless free woman Brett Ashley turns out to be an unhappy and miserable creature just the same as all those who lived through the war. Brett is often described in the literary criticism as sexually promiscuous, or even a nymphomaniac, which seems extreme given that in the course of the story she has sexual relationships with, at most, three men – her fiancee, Mike Campbell; Robert Cohn; and Pedro Romero. Some critics, like Edmund Wilson, assess Brett’s conduct as â€Å"bitch-like†; Wilson interprets Brett Ashley as â€Å"an exclusively destructive force† (p. 238). This interpretation, plausibly, is directly related rely to Brett’s own assertion that she makes to Jake after she leaves Romero: â€Å"You know it makes one feel rather good deciding not to be a bitch† (Hemingway, 245). Nonetheless it is difficult to agree with such interpretation of Brett’s character. First of all it is known that she is one of the â€Å"lost generation†, the people whose youth fell on the post-war period when the relationships and responsibilities were loose and disordered, and so Brett’s behavior merely reflects this time. Furthermore, though Brett never stayed with any man longer than she wanted, she never displayed cruelty in attitude toward men, so she could not destruct them to any degree. And the most important thing which explains Brett’s character is again related to the time of the novel. Brett Ashley belongs to those people whose thoughts are confused being affected by the war. So while looking for her way in life she fails in finding the lull for her psychological disturbances therefore continues her self-abusive conduct. Brett can be profoundly careless of the feelings of others. She scatters cigarette ashes on Jake’s rugs, and when Romero gives her a bull’s severed ear after a successful bullfight, she leaves the gift behind, stuffed in a hotel drawer. Cohn calls her a sadist when she is unmoved by the plight of the horses gored in the bullring. Certainly she uses Jake heartlessly at times, expecting him to introduce her to a man she desires, put up with her affairs, remain steadfast in his devotion to her, and faithfully run to her rescue on short notice when she finds herself at loose ends in another country. Yet she is also deeply unhappy and emotionally fragile. Viewed more sympathetically, she can be seen as a self-destructive woman, traumatized by the ugly and unromantic loss of her first love to dysentery in the war: â€Å"Brett hurts no one in the novel as severely as she hurts herself. Her nymphomania, her alcoholism, her constant fits of depression, and her obsession with bathing are all symptoms of an individual engaged in a consistent pattern of self-abuse† (Whitlow, 56). All in her misery she often complains to Jake, her only true friend, about her aimless existence and unsatisfying life. Her vagrancy from relationship to relationship is assimilated with Jake and company roaming around bars. As the novel unfolds one observes how Lady Ashley transforms from the self-confident independent woman into one who seems extremely awkward being by herself. That is why she is searching for the shelter in more or less stable though platonic relations with Jake. As with the other characters, World War I obviously played the determinative role in the formation Brett Ashley’s character. Having lost her true love during the war she elaborated the pattern of random relations, especially with regard to men. Her skepticism and lost faith in search for true love symbolizes the search of the whole lost generation for their decayed values. Unable to find support in the traditional convictions that imposed certain meaning to her life Brett feels morally lost. Having lost belief in anything Brett together with her friends is trying to escape the reality and fill her empty life with careless wandering from bar to bar, living night life, drinking and entertaining, doing everything that fits into the notion escapist activity. The character of Lady Brett Ashley is developing through the novel from the initial impression of careless but happy woman into the typical representative of post-war generation with aimless way in life. Parties, free love and other kinds of merry-making are only the futile distraction for concealing the sorrow and insecurity that filled her soul.

The Cross-Cultural Management Implications for a UK Manager Undertaking an International Business Assignment to another Country

Abstract This report looks at the implications for cross-cultural management for a UK manager undertaking an international business assignment in China. Key ways of understanding cultural differences, particularly Hofstede’s and Trompenaars cultural dimensions, are discussed. Although the UK and China have some similarities, they are very different in several dimensions, and the ways these differences impact upon business practice are pointed out. Finally, key recommendations are made. 1. Introduction The following looks at the cross-cultural management implications for a UK manager undertaking an international business assignment to China. It uses a theoretical framework of cultural differences to explore the ways in which the two different countries have different business styles (including differences in style of management, communication and staff issues).The exploration of the differences between the UK and China is used to support a number of recommendations to the UK manager about best practice. China offers unparalleled opportunities for business, and over the last 30 years has shown unprecedented economic growth, with a percentage rise of 8.7% in 2009, better than all other major economies (UK Trade and Investment 2012 [online]). China is large, both in terms of size (3.7 million square miles) and population (1.3 billion).Its capital is Beijing, and its population largely (92%) Han Chinese, with the remainder 55 different ethnic minority groups. Although officially an atheist country, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Daoism are practiced. Mandarin is the main language, although there are a number of local dialects, and the currency is the Yuan or Renminbi (Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2012 [online]). China’s communist government have, over the last 30 years, brought about substantial change to bring about market-oriented economic systems (Gore 2011) in order to deliver the prosperity that it seemed the Marxist system could not provide (Grant 2005). The transformation has been built upon the large workforce, offering the possibility of cheap labour and hence low-cost manufacturing. It has seen economic reforms which have meant China have become a force in the global business market (Brandt and Rawski 2006). China is, however, culturally very different from the UK, and in order to conduct business successfully it is essential to understand these differences and the impact on management. 2. Cross-Cultural Theorists Two theorists, Hofstede and Trompenaars, are particularly useful for understanding the differences between cultures. Hofstede has been very influential in contemporary management theory attempts to understand cross-cultural differences. His ideas were rooted in a large scale study of IBM (Matsumoto and Juang 2012), and involve five different dimensions which characterise a nation. Each country has a different value for each dimension, and a unique picture of the cultural nature of that country is built up through all five dimensions. The five dimensions are power distance, individualism / collectivism, masculinity / femininity, degree of uncertainty avoidance, and time orientation (Hofstede 1984).Power distance concerns the extent to which people are happy with an unequal society, and the extent to which the society is hierarchical with a large gap between the powerful and those without power. A low power distance country, for example, would be more egalitarianism and intolerant o f power imbalance. Individualism / collectivism refers to the extent to which people think of themselves as individuals or as part of a group.Individualistic societies are competitive and value creativity for example (Phillips and Gully 2011). The dimension of masculinity and femininity expresses the extent to which the culture displays predominantly masculine values: gender roles are clearly defined, assertiveness and striving are praised. In a feminine culture roles are more fluid and more caring values respected (Tian 2004). Uncertainty avoidance refers to how comfortable people are with ambiguity. Cultures high on this like rules and regulations (Sorrentino 2005).Interestingly for the context of this report, Hofstede’s final dimension was based on data collected from China, with the help of Michael Harris Bond (Berry et al 1997).Time orientation concerns the way in which people think about time, with a distinction between short-term and long-term orientation. Cultures which are short-term oriented life in the moment, while long-term cultures are strong on planning (Daft and Marcic 2010). Trompenaars (1993) model can be seen as a development of Hofstede’s ideas. He suggested seven different dimensions, again based on a large-scale study across many different countries. These dimensions cover three main areas: how people relate to others, their perceptions of time, and their experiences of the environment (Lane 2004). The seven dimensions overlap with Hofstede’s dimensions to some extent, with some being very similar and others new. The dimensions he specifies are: Universal v. particular: whether the society is organised around set rules and procedures or whether the needs of the individuals come first Individual v. collectivism: whether people predominantly act for themselves or think about the group Affective v. neutral: whether people are predominantly demonstrative emotionally, or are controlled and rational Specific v. diffuse: whether organisational systems determine employee behaviour, or systems arise out of the needs and perspectives of individuals. Achievement v. ascription: whether achievement or background, education and other fixed variables assumed to be important about people Sequential v. synchronous: whether time is seen fixed and linear or flexible and open Internal v. external control: whether people believe that nature can be controlled through human will, or human beings are part of nature and subject to its laws. (Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner 2004). While Trompenaars is clearly influenced by Hofstede’s work, Hofstede has criticised the former for lacking the intellectual rigour he believes the five dimensional model possesses. Hofstede has also attracted criticism, for example that five dimensions are inadequate to fully capture the complexity of cultural differences (Browaeys and Price 2008). Despite criticisms, however, both these models are useful to help understand how cultures differ from each other, and will influence the next section. 3. Discussion / Analysis According to Hofstede (Geert-hofstede.com 2012 [online]) (see appendix), China and the UK show fairly different cultural styles. They are, however, identical for masculinity / femininity (66) and near-identical for uncertainty avoidance.Both the UK and China tend towards masculinity in society, with drivenness and competition valued. Additionally, both are low for uncertainty avoidance, in other words, both societies are happy with ambiguity and believe rules should be followed flexibly and selectively. Both societies are adaptable, which encourages entrepreneurship. China is higher than the UK for power distance (80 v. 35), that is, China is comfortable with hierarchy, power structure and wide gaps between people. There is more likelihood of abuse of power, and authority is important. Aspiration above ones status is unacceptable. In the UK, people see each other as equals to a greater extent, have less respect for authority, do not tolerate abuses of power, and aspire to change their status. There is also a gap between the UK and China in regards to individualism, with the UK scoring much higher (89 v. 20). In other words, in China there is a much higher degree of interdependence between people, with people defining themselves as part of a group. In the UK the tendency is to think about oneself, and one’s family before society as a whole. Chinese people act to serve the group rather than themselves, and are likely to have much higher organisational commitment, as well as feeling it acceptable for closer groups (e.g. family) to get preferential treatment at work. Whereas UK people tend to be generally agreeable to those outside the preferred group, in highly collectivist societies those outside their group may be demonised. China are much more long-term oriented than the UK. There is a greater value placed on persistence and long-term goals. They are happy to save and be economical with resources, and have great respect for the past and for tradition. By contrast, people in the UK are more able to enjoy the moment, and can be flexible with regards to goals. According to Trompenaars, China is one of the most particularist of the countries he looked at (Rugman and Collinson 2008), meaning that they look at the particular case and take all circumstances into account, rather than looking at general principles. For example, an employer in a particularist culture might excuse poor work behaviour if the individual’s circumstances offer a good reason. In addition, China scores highly for affectivity, level of diffuseness and external control (Aswathappa 2010).That is, people conduct business in an emotional way, displaying emotions openly, do not have a strong sense of the barriers between public and private life, and feel that fate plays a stronger role in what happens to an individual or organisation than choice and self-motivation. While there are some similarities, China and UK have a very different cultural make-up, according to both sets of dimensions. What impact does this have on business styles This can be considered in terms of different areas. For team work, for example, the high-power distance might mean that Chinese staff are uncomfortable with sharing feedback and frank discussions. However, their low individualism suggests that they would put the team before themselves, and would therefore be motivated by team-based rewards. UK staff, by contrast, might find sharing opinions as a team fairly easy, as they have a lower power distance, but might put their own interests before those of the team or organisation as a whole. In terms of communication, China have high affectivity, which suggests they might work better if communication styles are emotional rather than neutral. For example, written communications in the UK tend towards formal business English: a more open and friendly style might suit the Chinese market more. Additionally, China scores highly for diffuseness against specificity. That is, there may be a tendency for communications to be more roundabout, with things left unsaid or communicated non-verbally. Diffuse cultures also have a higher degree of overlap between work and home (Amant 2007), which may mean that there is a greater reliance on shared experience upon which to base communication amongst the Chinese. There is also a need for a different management style, to take into account the greater power distance in China. Whereas UK workers respond better to power sharing and partnership styles, in China there may be a need to confirm the hierarchy, making it clear who is in charge, and defining roles carefully.However China also score highly for particularism, which suggests that management needs to take into account the details of each situation, rather than rigidly follow rules. Employees are likely to expect that rules can be bent to suit circumstance. Motivation and performance management are also likely to differ across the cultures. As mentioned, China scores much lower for individualism, which suggests that team-based rewards would be more motivating for them than in the UK. China are also markedly more long-term oriented, which means employees are likely to respond to goals set for the distant future, rather than needing near-instant reward. There is also an issue here for motivating teams which consist of employees from both China and the UK, as each employee group is likely to have a different perspective on what is a motivating factor. The higher score for China on external control suggests that employees are less likely to enjoy spontaneous decision making. As they feel that the forces which drive business are located outside of themselves, this removes some of the responsibility for making decisions, and places it in the hands of fate, or higher authorities in the organisation. This is confirmed by the high power distance in China, which suggests that employees are very comfortable with letting decision making be carried out by those higher in the corporate hierarchy. By contrast, UK employees are likely to desire more participation in decisions. Negotiation should also be handled with care. The higher affectivity and diffuse culture in China may mean that great attention needs to be paid to the non-verbal cues when negotiation takes place.The higher power distance might also mean that negations need to be carried out between staff perceived to be at similar levels. In addition to the dimensional analysis of culture, Tian (2007) suggests that negotiation in China is determined by a set of core traditional values including the importance of sincerity and trust, respect for age and hierarchy, maintaining social harmony and avoiding getting angry or being unpleasant to others. This might mean that negotiation between two people of very different ages might be tricky, for example. 4. Conclusions Although they have some common areas, for example similarly masculine cultures and a similar tolerance of uncertainty, China and the UK have key cultural differences which are likely to impact attempts to manage a diverse work team. In particular, China employees are likely to be much more comfortable with hierarchy and unequal distribution of power, to value the group over the individual, to be focussed upon the long-term (but less likely to react spontaneously to the moment). They are also more likely to expect rules to be bent to the particular case, to attribute the cause of events to circumstances or agents external to themselves, and to prefer styles of communication which heavily emphasise the non-verbal and tacit. While, to a certain extent, globalisation has meant that cultural diversity is threatened, (Homann et al 2007), to be successful management needs to anticipate and plan for difference. 5. Recommendations Recognise that hierarchy has a more important role in China Adapt communication styles to pay attention to context, body-language and assumed information Plan team-work to incorporate two very different perspectives on the relative importance of the individual and the group Ensure Chinese employees are kept fully informed about the long-term perspective 6. References Aswathappa, K (2010) International Business (4th edn.), Tata McGraw-Hill Education, India. Berry, J W, Portinga, Y H and Pandey, J (1997) Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Social behavior and applications (2nd edn.), John Berry. Brandt, L and Rawski, T G (2006) China’s Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Browaeys, M-J and Price, R (2008) Understanding cross-cultural management, Pearson Education, Harlow, Essex Daft, R L and Marcic, D (2010) Understanding Management (7th edn.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2012) ‘China: Country Information’ [online] (cited 22nd February 2012), available from http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/asia-oceania/china Geert-hofstede.com (2012) ‘What about China?’, [online] (cited 22nd February 2012), available from http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html ‘What about china?’, Gore, L (2011) The Chinese Communist Party and China’s capitalist revolution: the political impact of the market, Taylor & Francis, Oxon. Grant, R G (2005) Communism: Systems of government, Evans Brothers. Hofstede, G H (1984) Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values (2nd edn), SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA Homann, K, Koslowski, P and Luetge, C (2007) Globalisation and business ethics, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Aldershot, Hants. Lane, H W (2004) The Blackwell handbook of global management: a guide to managing complexity, John Wiley & Sons / Blackwell, Oxon. Matsumoto, D and Juang, L (2012) Culture and Psychology (5th edn), Cengage Learning, Belmont CA Phillips, J and Gulley, S M (2011) Organizational Behavior: Tools for Success, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Rugman, A M and Collinson, S (2008) International Business (5th edn.), Pearson Education, Harlow, Essex St. Amant, K (2007) Linguistic and cultural online communication issues in the global age, Idea Group Inc, Hershey PA Sorrento, R M (2005) Culture and social behaviour, Routledge, UK Tian, Q (2004) A transcultural study of ethical perceptions and judgements between Chinese and German businessmen, Martin Meidenbauer Verlag, Germany Tian, X (2007) Managing international business in China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Trompenaars, F (1993) Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business, Economist Books. Trompenaars, F and Hampden-Turner, C (2004) Managing people across cultures, Capstone. UK Trade and Investment (2012) ‘China’ [online] (cited 22nd February 2012), available from http://www.ukti.gov.uk/export/countries/asiapacific/fareast/china.html

A Good Supervisor

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Elderly Receive Free Bus Rides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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